• 03语用意义
• “met“是什么意思

03语用意义

Chapter 3Pragmatic Meaning 2017.9.20 Semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning Semantic meaning is a conventionized formof meaning. Words mean certain things by generally accepted convention. e.g.dog- a certain kind of animal. Pragmatic meaning is distinctlynon-conventional in nature, it is the meaning of a word used in certaincontext. (meaning in use or meaning in context) Context Two types of contexts: 1. Linguistic (verbal) context (言语): words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or wholebooks in which a word appears. Linguistic context can be further divided into：Lexical context and Grammatical context 2. Extra-linguistic context: the actual speech situation in which a word is used.指语言以外的因素 The importance of context in eliminating ambiguity Ambiguity refers to a word, a phrase, asentence with more than one possible meaning.Ambiguity may be caused by 1. Polysemy (一词多义). He painted a tree. to put paint on a surface; to make a picture 2. Homonymy (同音/同形异义). Two words look alike or sound alike, but differ inmeaning The ball was attractive. 3. Grammatical structure. Visiting relatives may be boring. Characteristics of Pragmatic Meaning 1. Etymological subsidiarity原词附属性 The pragmatic meaning of a word is closelyrelated to its original meaning, pronunciation, and form. 2. Subjective experientiality主观体验性 Pragmatic meaning carries strong personalfeeling because of different individual’s personal experience. 3. Meaning uncertainty意义不确定性 Pragmatic meaning is uncertain when factorssuch as age, nationality, time, place, etc. are involved. Pragmatic narrowing: Narrowing is the casewhere a word is used to convey a more specific sense than the encoded one. At Christmas, the bird was delicious. (turkey) Pragmatic broadening: a word is used toconvey a more general sense. They are thirsty to death.扩展了thirsty的意义，夸大了渴的程度。 4.Conceptual temporality概念临时性 When the meaning of a word is deviated from its basic meaning, then concept adjustment is needed according to the context because the specific meaning of this word relies completely on the context.在特定语境中产生的语用意义，临时的，会随着语境的消失而不复存在。 e.g. I will ask her about it this weekend. I, her, it, this weekend为特定语境中所指信息，只有联系语境，才能理解以上词语的真正语用含义。 5. Contextual interdependency语境共生性 Pragmatic meaning is the meaning incontext, so context plays an important role in determining the pragmaticmeaning of a word. Here context not only refers to the sentence or paragraphwhere the word appears, but also the actual speech situation or even the wholecultural background. Classification of Pragmatic meaning 1. Imitative meaning仿义型 2. Opposite meaning反义型(irony) 3.Broadened or narrowed meaning增减型 4.Distortional meaning畸变型 Communicative Function of Pragmatic Meaning 1. Constructing rhetorical devices 2. Explaining anomalous phenomenon 3. Expressing individual feelings ��wphQ�

“met“是什么意思

是meet的过去式 我们才学呢~ meet1及物动词 vt. 1.遇见;碰上I met her at the gymnasium. 我在体育馆遇见她。 2.认识;会见3.迎接Shall we go to the station to meet your mother? 我们去车站接你的母亲好吗? 4.对抗;和...交手5.遭遇,经历A policeman could meet danger any minute of his working day. 警察在值勤时随时都可能碰到危险。 6.对付,应付;如期偿付Let’s meet that problem when it comes up. 那问题一出现,我们就来对付它。 7.和...接触,与...相遇8.(路等)与...交叉;交会9.满足;符合To be a pilot, one must meet certain physical standards. 要当飞行员必须达到体格上的某些标准。 不及物动词 vi. 1.相遇;相会;相识The two trains met at a small station. 两列火车在一个小站相遇(即错车)。 2.集合;聚会;开会3.接触;接合;会合The two rivers meet near the capital. 这两条河在首都附近会合。 4.交战名词 n. 1.【美】集会;竞赛大会He broke two national records in a track meet. 他在一次田径比赛中打破了两项全国记录。 2.【英】(狩猎前猎人和猎犬的)集合meet2形容词 a. 1.【旧】适当的,适合的